How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (2024)

A poll from The Washington Post finds widespread agreement among Americans on what it means to be middle class. But just over a third of U.S. adults have the financial security to meet that definition, according to a Post analysis of data from the Federal Reserve.

Americans also underestimate the income required for that lifestyle, suggesting that the popular image of middle-class security is more of an aspiration than a reality for most Americans.

About 9 in 10 U.S. adults said that six individual indicators of financial security and stability were necessary parts of being middle class in the Post poll. Smaller majorities thought other milestones, such as homeownership and a job with paid sick leave, were necessary.

“Middle class-ness and predictability are very tied in the American imagination,” said Caitlin Zaloom, an anthropology professor at New York University. “Sometimes that is about security in the present, but it also means feeling secure about where life is going.”

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Just over a third of Americans met all six markers of a middle-class lifestyle. While about 9 in 10 Americans had health insurance, only three-quarters had health insurance and a steady job. With each added measure of financial security, more Americans slipped away from the middle-class ideal.

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (1)

About a third of Americans meet middle class criteria

About 90 percent of Americans agreed that these six individual conditions were necessary to belong to the middle class, according to a Washington Post poll

American adults ...

... with health insurance ...

... and steady employment ...

... who can save for

the future...

... pay their bills ...

... afford

emergency

expenses ...

... and retire

comfortably.

35% meet all 6

65% do not meet all

middle class criteria

Source: 2022 Survey of Household Economics

and Decisionmaking

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (2)

About a third of Americans meet middle class criteria

About 9 in 10 Americans agreed that these six conditions were necessary to belong to the middle class, according to a Washington Post poll

American adults ...

100%

91% of

American

adults

... with health insurance ...

... and steady employment ...

75%

... who can save for the future...

67%

... pay their bills ...

56%

... afford emergency

expenses ...

45%

... and retire

comfortably.

35%

65% do not meet all

middle class criteria

35% meet all 6

Source: 2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (3)

About a third of Americans meet middle class criteria

About 90 in 10 Americans agreed that these six individual conditions were necessary to belong to the middle class, according to a Washington Post poll

100%

American adults ...

91% of American

adults

... with health insurance ...

75%

... and steady employment ...

67%

... who can save for the future...

56%

... pay their bills without worry ...

45%

... and retire

comfortably.

35%

35% meet all 6 criteria

65% do not meet all 6 middle class criteria

Source: 2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (4)

About a third of Americans match popular image of the middle class

About 9 in 10 Americans agreed that these six individual conditions were necessary to belong to the middle class, according to a Washington Post poll

... and retire

comfortably.

... afford emergency

expenses ...

... pay bills

without worry ...

35%

... who can save

for the future...

45%

... and steady

employment ...

56%

... with health

insurance ...

35% meet

all 6 criteria

67%

American

adults ...

75%

91%

100%

65% do not

Source: 2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

Researchers often define the middle class based on income, in part because income data is frequently collected and easy to access. But that income doesn’t guarantee a middle-class lifestyle.

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One commonly used definition from the Pew Research Center sets a middle-class income between two-thirds and twice the national median income, or $67,819 to $203,458 for a family of four in 2022. Most Americans consider the lower end of that range, $75,000 and $100,000, to be middle class, according to the Post poll.

Even when looking at middle-income Americans using Pew’s more expansive range, the majority did not have the security associated with the middle class.

Those that did tended to be older, had higher incomes and were more likely to have a college education and own their homes. While the Post poll found 60 percent of Americans considered homeownership essential to being middle class, homeowners over age 30 were more likely to be financially secure even when comparing people with similar ages and incomes, according to a Federal Reserve survey.

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The most common barrier was a comfortable retirement, something that about half of middle-income Americans over 35 felt they were on track to achieve.

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (10)

Most middle-income people lack

middle-class financial security

Percent of Americans that meet criteria

in each income group

Meets all criteria

35%

U.S. adults

Lower income

16

Middle income

46

Upper income

67

Health insurance

Able to save

Overall

91%

87

Lower

84

79

Middle

97

92

Upper

99

97

Steady job

Pay all bills

Overall

79%

71

Lower

66

52

Middle

91

84

Upper

93

95

Emergency $1K expense

Retirement (35+)

Overall

56%

51

Lower

32

34

Middle

71

56

Upper

93

72

Lower income for a family of 4 is defined as a household income of $68K or below, middle income is between $68K and $203K, and upper income is above $203K. Percent meeting

retirement criteria reflects only people 35 and older; younger people did not have to meet the retirement criteria to meet the full definition.

2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (11)

Most middle-income people lack

middle-class financial security

Percent of Americans that meet criteria in each

income group

Meets all criteria

35%

U.S. adults

Lower income (under $68K)

16

Middle income ($68K-$203K)

46

Upper income (above $203K)

67

Health insurance

Able to save

Overall

91%

87

Lower

84

79

Middle

97

92

Upper

97

99

Steady job

Pay all bills

Overall

79%

71

Lower

66

52

Middle

91

84

Upper

93

95

Emergency $1K expense

Retirement (35+)

56%

51

Overall

Lower

32

34

71

56

Middle

93

72

Upper

All incomes adjusted for a household size of 4. Percent meeting retirement criteria reflects only people 35 and older; younger people did not have to meet the retirement criteria to meet the full definition.

2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (12)

Most middle-income people lack middle-class financial security

Percent of Americans that meet criteria in each income group

Meets all criteria

35%

Americans overall

16

Lower income (under $68K)

46

Middle income ($68K to $203K)

67

Upper income (over $203K)

Health insurance

Able to save

Overall

91%

87

Lower

84

79

Middle

97

92

Upper

99

97

Steady job

Pay all bills

Overall

79%

71

Lower

66

52

Middle

91

84

Upper

93

95

Pay emergency $1K expense

Comfortable retirement (35 or older)

56%

51

Overall

Lower

32

34

71

56

Middle

Upper

93

72

All incomes adjusted for a household size of 4. Percent meeting retirement criteria reflects only people 35

and older; younger people did not have to meet the retirement criteria to meet the full definition.

Source

:

2022 Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking

Gallup polling last spring found that retirement was Americans’ top financial worry. Even for those who can save, retirement planning requires complicated judgments about how long someone expects to live and the future of government support through programs such as Social Security and Medicare.

How the graying of America is reshaping the workforce and economy

“The de facto landscape now for retirement is to save like hell and hope you don’t live too long,” said Ben Harris, vice president and director of economic studies at Brookings. “And that’s a terrible paradigm.”

The shift from defined benefit plans to individual retirement accounts has increased the importance of saving for retirement, at the same time as rising housing and student loan payments are taking up a growing share of income, according to Annamaria Lusardi, senior fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.

“There was a time in which family income was a lot more defining about your life and your financial security,” Lusardi said. “But now you are in charge of much more of your future, particularly in terms of the financial decisions that people have been asked to make.”

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While the path to middle-class financial security has become more complicated, the share of people with it hasn’t markedly declined over time.

Since 2017, the earliest year of comparable data, between 32 and 40 percent of Americans met all six measures, with a low in 2017 and a high in 2021.

Are you rich? How your net worth compares to the rest of America.

Another survey, the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances, provides a broader view of American financial stability back to the 1980s. More Americans today have $1,000 in liquid savings than they did 40 years ago, after adjusting for inflation. And the share of Americans with money in a retirement or pension account has held steady over the past 40 years.

“The idea that you can have a secure job with predictable wages, with health care and retirement, and being able to pay for your housing — those things are all part of a mid-century vision of the middle-class life trajectory,” said Zaloom, the anthropologist.

“Even in the 1960s, the idea that this was a very widespread phenomenon was always kind of a fiction,” she added.

The draw of the middle class is rooted in far more than the desire for financial security.

Not rich? Take this quiz to see how to build your wealth.

“It’s the perfect model of American identity,” said cultural historian Larry Samuel, author of “The American Middle Class: A Cultural History.” “It fits so well with our ethos of egalitarianism and being a meritocracy. These are all myths, of course, but they’re embedded in how we see ourselves.”

“It’s a club that everyone kind of wants to be a part of,” Samuel said, “regardless of your economic circ*mstances.”

About this story

Sonia Vargas and Dylan Moriarty contributed to this report.

This Washington Post poll was conducted Nov. 3-6, 2023, among a national sample of 1,280 U.S. adults with an error margin of plus or minus 3.7 percentage points. The sample was drawn through SSRS’s Opinion Panel, an ongoing survey panel recruited through random sampling of U.S. households. To enable subgroup comparisons, the survey included oversamples of households with lower incomes. This and other groups were weighted back to their share of the adult population according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

The definitions of low, middle and upper household incomes are based on values from the 2023 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. All household incomes are adjusted for size via an equivalence adjustment scale, following the Pew Research Center’s methodology.

Analysis of the financial security of American households uses data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED) and the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF).

The middle class criteria were defined as follows for each survey:

  • Steady job: had a non-temporary job or were already retired (SHED 2017-2022); working, retired, disabled, student or homemaker (SCF).
  • Cover emergency expenses: could pay a $1,000 emergency expense using only their savings (SHED 2022 for point in time analysis); would pay a $400/500 emergency expense using their savings or a credit card they would pay off in full at the end of the month (SHED 2017-2022 for historical analysis); had at least $1,000 in liquid assets (SCF).
  • Pay bills: were able to pay all their bills in full during the month of the survey and would be able to pay those bills even if they had had to pay an emergency expense of $400 or $500 (SHED 2017-2022); no late debt payments in the last year (SCF).
  • Health insurance: had health insurance (SHED 2017-2022); not applicable for SCF.
  • Comfortable retirement: feel that their retirement savings are on track, or are already retired and feel they are doing at least okay financially; individuals under 35 did not have to meet this criteria to be considered middle class (SHED 2017-2022); any amount in retirement savings or pension accounts (SCF).
  • Save for the future: spent no more than their household income in the last month or has a rainy-day fund that can cover three months of expenses (SHED 2017-2022); saved over the last 12 months (SCF)
How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it (2024)

FAQs

How Americans define a middle-class lifestyle — and why they can’t reach it? ›

The idea that you can have a secure job with predictable wages, with health care and retirement, and being able to pay for your housing - those things are all part of a mid-century vision of the middle-class life trajectory,” said Zaloom, the anthropologist.

How does the US define middle class? ›

The Pew Research Center defines the middle class as households that earn between two-thirds and double the median U.S. household income, which was $65,000 in 2021, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

What was the lifestyle of the middle class? ›

Middle class families tend to own their own home (although with a mortgage), own a car (although with a loan or lease), send their kids to college (although with student loans or scholarships), are saving for retirement, and have enough disposable savings to afford certain luxuries like dining out and vacations.

What is the reason for the shrinking of the middle class in the United States? ›

The middle class is being affected by a variety of factors including inflation, the aging population and remote work, report shows. The middle class is shrinking as a result of several factors including surging inflation, an aging population, and the rise of remote work, according to a new report from ConsumerAffairs.

What is American upper middle class lifestyle? ›

The upper middle class often gets to enjoy more vacations, has minimal to no debt, and is on track to retire — and live comfortably once retired — without issue. “Middle class typically involves stable income and some savings, with incomes between $50,000 and $125,000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

What describes the middle class? ›

The middle class includes: professionals, managers, and senior civil servants. The chief defining characteristic of membership in the middle-class is control of significant human capital while still being under the dominion of the elite upper class, who control much of the financial and legal capital in the world.

How is middle class different than upper class? ›

Middle class: Those in the 40th to 60th percentile of household income, ranging from $55,001 to $89,744. Upper middle class: Households in the 60th to 80th percentile, with incomes between $89,745 and $149,131. Upper class: The top 20% of earners, with household incomes of $149,132 or more.

What does a middle class lifestyle look like? ›

There is no official financial standard for what constitutes middle class. For most it's more about a standard of living—including owning a home, being able to afford to pay for a college education for your kids, and having enough disposable income to take a family vacation.

What is the middle life style? ›

The middle class lifestyle refers to the social and economic characteristics and behaviors of individuals or families who are considered to be part of the middle class. It includes aspects such as stable employment, homeownership, access to education and healthcare, and a comfortable standard of living.

Why is the middle class important? ›

A strong middle class helps ensure that government works well, fostering favorable conditions for the economy to prosper.

What happened to America's middle class? ›

The total population of the middle class in the U.S. has remained fairly stable since 2011 but has decreased substantially since 1971. Between 1970 and 2020, the share of aggregate income held by the upper class has increased while it has decreased for the middle class.

What is considered middle class for a single person? ›

You also need an annual household salary of at least $50,000 to be considered middle class in 17 other states, including California, New York, Oregon, Washington, Utah and Hawaii. In California, the difference is $122,000, from a salary of $61,028 on the lower end to $183,102 on the upper end.

What is an example of the middle class? ›

Meaning of middle class in English. a social group that consists of well-educated people, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, who have good jobs and are not poor, but are not very rich: The upper middle class tend to go into business or the professions, becoming, for example, lawyers, doctors, or accountants.

What defines American middle class? ›

One commonly used definition from the Pew Research Center sets a middle-class income between two-thirds and twice the national median income, or $67,819 to $203,458 for a family of four in 2022. Most Americans consider the lower end of that range, $75,000 and $100,000, to be middle class, according to the Post poll.

What characterizes upper middle class? ›

One common way to classify the upper middle class is based on income. The upper middle class is often defined as the top 15% to 20% of earners. According to the Social Security Administration's 2022 wage data, the average upper-middle-class income was roughly between $80,000 and $100,000.

Are millionaires upper middle class? ›

60% of those millionaires identify as upper middle class, while 31% interestingly identify themselves as just middle class. Surprisingly, a large number of millionaires reside comfortably in the middle class, revealing an oddly curious disconnect between their sense of self and their financial security.

What is the upper class income in the US? ›

To be upper class in states with the 10 highest median incomes, households must make above $178,300 — and must make above $202,000 in Washington, DC. Mississippi had the lowest income needed to be upper class, at $105,400, while West Virginia's figure was $108,600.

What net worth is middle class? ›

The upper class has an average net worth of $793,120 to $2.65 million, while the lower class has $16,900. The middle class ranges from $58,550 to $300,800. You can grow your net worth by saving and investing consistently, investing in the stock market, and being careful about taking on debt.

What class is 37000 a year? ›

On the other hand, Mississippi, West Virginia and Arkansas have the lowest income needed to be a part of the middle class. To fall into the category in those three states, your household income should be between $35,000 and $37,000.

What is the definition of a middle income country? ›

Middle Income Countries At-A-Glance

The world's Middle Income Countries (MICs), which are defined as having a per capita gross national income of $1,086 to $13,205 (2022) are a diverse group by size, population, and income level. Overview.

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